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    Learn Courses Advanced level Pronunciation Letters and sounds

Pronunciation - Lesson 14.1

Letters and Sounds

(Las letras y los sonidos)


We all know that English pronunciation can be difficult, but why? The difficulty lies in differences between how some words are spelled and how they are pronounced. In more phonetic

We all know that English pronunciation can be difficult, but why? The difficulty lies in differences between how some words are spelled and how they are pronounced. In more phonetic languages, such as Spanish, words are pronounced as they are written (with occasional exceptions, such as the silent “h” in Spanish). In languages such as Spanish, there is a direct relationship between how a word is pronounced and how it is written. In English, however, how a word is spelled does not necessarily indicate to the speaker how it should be pronounced. There are many complexities within the English language that effect pronunciation. In this lesson, we will discuss the various sounds in English. In later lessons, we will present an explanation of silent letters and syllable stress, two other factors linked to proper pronunciation.

Homophones, Homographs and Homonyms

First, to demonstrate how English spelling and pronunciation can differ, take a look at the explanations and examples of three different types of words in English.

Homophones

Homophones are words with different spellings, but the same pronunciation.

Examples:

 there,   their,   they’re
 to,   too,   two
 flour,   flower
 hear,   here
 threw,   through

Homographs

In contrast to homophones, homographs are words with the same spelling and different pronunciations.

Examples:

 read(present tense)
 read(past tense)
 tear(noun: a teardrop)
 tear(verb meaning to rip)
 desert(verb meaning to abandon)
 desert(an arid region)

Homonyms

Homonyms are words that are spelled and pronounced the same, but that have different meanings. While homophones and homographs can only be found in less phonetic languages, such as English, homonyms are common in other languages, such as Spanish.

Examples:

 left(the direction or the past tense of the verb “leave”)
 block(can be a noun or a verb)
 kind(is a synonym for “type” as well as an adjective)
 watch(is both a verb as well as a noun, as in a wristwatch)

To review, the table below demonstrates the differences between homophones, homographs and homonyms.

SpellingPronunciationMeaning
Homophones=
Homographs=
Homonyms==

Sounds and Phonetic Symbols

Homographs and homophones exist in English because, while the English alphabet contains 26 letters, there are in fact over 40 different sounds in English. These sounds are represented by phonetic symbols, as shown in the chart below. In order to learn proper English pronunciation, it is important to first have a good understanding of the different sounds. The fourth column contains the pronunciation of the examples using phonetic symbols. The pronunciation is found between two “/”, as can be seen in most dictionaries.

SymbolTypeExamplePronunciation
Vowels:Monophthongs__
i:long  feet/fi:t/
ɪshort  hit/hɪt/
ʊshort  wood/wʊd/
u:long  boot/bu:t/
eshort  men/men/
əschwa winter/wɪntər/
ɜ:long  word/wɜ:rd/
ɔ:long  door/dɔ:r/
æshort  cat/kæt/
ʌshort  up/ʌp/
ɑ:long  car/kɑ:r/
ɒshort  hot/hɒt/
Vowels:Diphthongs__
ɪə_  clear/klɪər/
_  wait/weɪt/
ʊə_  tour/tʊər/
ɔɪ_  toy/tɔɪ/
əʊ_  slow/sləʊ/
_  wear/weər/
_  my/maɪ/
_  how/haʊ/
Consonants___
punvoiced  pay/peɪ/
bvoiced  big/bɪg/
tunvoiced  tea/ti:/
dvoiced  dog/dɔ:g/
ʧunvoiced  chat/ʧæt/
ʤvoiced  joy/ʤɔɪ/
kunvoiced  cat/kæt/
gvoiced  got/gɑ:t/
funvoiced  fast/fæst/
vvoiced  vain/veɪn/
ɵunvoiced  thin/ɵɪn/
ðvoiced  other/ʌðər/
sunvoiced  miss/mɪs/
zvoiced  use/ju:z/
ʃunvoiced  wash/wɔ:ʃ/
ʒvoiced leisure/li:ʒər/
mvoiced  make/meɪk/
nvoiced  sun/sʌn/
ŋvoiced  wing/wɪŋ/
hunvoiced  help/help/
lvoiced  like/laɪk/
rvoiced  air/er/
wvoiced  web/web/
jvoiced  yes/jes/

Note: Further explanation of the various types of sounds can be found in the lessons on pronunciation that follow.

To review, below you will find the examples of homophones and homographs presented at the beginning of the lesson, but this time with their pronunciation given in phonetic symbols.

Homophones:

 there, their, they’re/ðər/
 to, too, two/tu:/
 flour, flower/flaʊr/
 hear, here/hɪr/
 threw, through/ɵru:/

Homographs:

 read/ri:d/
 read/red/
 tear/tɪr/
 tear/ter/
 desert/dezərt/
 desert/dɪzɜ:rt/
Next lesson Vowels
Letters and Sounds Listen to Lesson
1
13
Preferencias
Voice
Accent